The empire of trebizond or trapezuntine empire was a monarchy and one of three successor rump states of the byzantine empire that flourished during the th through 15th centuries, consisting of the far northeastern corner of anatolia the pontus and the southern crimea. Fragments of empire byzantine monuments and topography of the pontos, vol. Once we took trebizond from the greeks, and now we are giving it back. Hagia sophia, trebizond, art, architecture, fall of constantinople 1204, identity. Due to its natural harbours, defensible topography and access to silver and copper mines, trebizond became the preeminent greek colony on the eastern black sea shore soon after its founding. The region was populated mainly by ethnic turks in the western half and lazspeaking muslims in the eastern half, although throughout. Nov 23, 2016 accompanied by generations of students, he led expeditions exploring the byzantine and ottoman buildings and culture of northeastern turkey, the pontos and the pontic alps behind trebizond. The division of the byzantine empire after the fourth crusade in 1204. Donald nicol, the despotate of epiros and willilam miller, the empire of trebizond. In this period, the slave trade in the black sea region. When constantinople fell in the fourth crusade in 1204 to the western european and venetian crusaders, the empire of trebizond was one of the three smaller greek states that emerged from the wreckage, along with the empire of nicaea and the despotate of epirus. In ancient times, pontus was the name of the northeastern province of asia minor, a long and narrow strip of land on the southern coast of the black sea pontus euxinus, from which the designation was later transferred to the country. After the fourth crusade, most of whats written is about the empire of nicaea.
Iv the fate of george komnenos, rule of trebizond 12661280page 332350. The region enjoyed two great periods of prosperity, first expressed in the richness of its buildings from the time of the empire of trebizond 12041461, and second in its no less remarkable but barelyknown postbyzantine monuments. The country was shut in by high and wild mountain ranges, but was exceedingly. Xenephon in his classic fourth century bc book, anabasis describes the. Author of the empire of trebizond and the pontos, peoples and settlement in anatolia and the caucasus, 8001900, and byzantine monuments and topography of the pontos dumbarton oaks studies,20 two volume set. Trapezous is a city on the black sea coast of northeastern turkey and the capital of trabzon province. The vilayet of trebizond or trabzon was a firstlevel administrative division in the northeastern part of the ottoman empire and corresponding to the area along the eastern black sea coastline and the interior highland region of the pontic alps. The despotate of epirus slowly disintegrated through the th and 14th centuries coming under the control of the restored nicaeanderived byzantine empire c. Encoding has been done through automated and manual processes using the. In 1461, the ottoman turks conquered trebizond, the last independent greek state until the modern nation of greece would be established in the 19th century.
His family fled the city heading far east to trebizond where the megas kommenoi were gathering their power. Foreigners in the empire of trebizond the case of orientals and latins, in at the. Miller trebizond,the last greek empire london 1926 a. The byzantine monuments and topography of the pontos. This site is like a library, use search box in the widget to get ebook that you want. Not long after the fall of the city alexios of trebizond secured what holdings he could around the pontos. An introduction to the coinage of the empire of trebizond 2nd. This connection, always close, explains the peculiar interest of the georgian dynasty in supporting the expedition headed by alexius comnenus for the capture of trebizond. It was born at the time of the latin, and survived by eight years the turkish conquest of constantinople. As a result of that policy, the province of trebizond, its administrative borders basically repeating the borders of the empire. As in cyprus, pontuss isolation assisted in the retention of many linguistic elements of greek, long lost by the rest of hellenism.
New istanbul exhibition explores the forgotten empire of. The empire of trebizond ceased to exist in 1461, conquered by mehmed ii. Jul 25, 2016 anameds exhibition byzantiums other empire. The empire of trebizond and the pontos anthony bryer. By purchasing books through this website, you support our nonprofit organization.
Pdf the empire of trebizond in the black sea italian. Hagia sophia and the empire of trebizond cultural studies and beyond. The slave trade had been a common phenomenon in the middle ages, and particularly in the black sea region it had played an important role for the italian trade in the 14th and 15th centuries. The most spectacular of them is a novel by rose macaulay, towers of trebizond. Jan 29, 2008 its true, there really was an empire of trebizond. The empire of trebizond and the pontos, th 15th centuries 1. Pontian genocide a russian orthodox church website. It has often been said it would be impossible to write the history of the empire of trebizond 12041461 without the terse and often frustratingly laconic chronicle of the grand komnenoi by the protonotarios of alexios iii 4990, michael panaretos. Ancient history encyclopedia receives a small commission for each book sold through our affiliate partners. Search for library items search for lists search for contacts search for a library.
Fb, the laws changed language during justinian and at the time of comnenoi what was left of the empire was the greek part. Empire of trebizond and the pontos collected studies. The empire of nicaea had, in 1261, succeeded in retaking constantinople, extinguishing the feeble latin empire. The empire of trebizond and the pontos collected studies. The empire of trebizond, founded by a grandson of emperor andronikos i komnenos. Dabrowska wonders whether it is adequate to the trebizondian past or whether it. Trabzon formed the basis of several states in its long history and was the capital city of the empire of trebizond between 1204 and 1461. Much later, both the single and doubleheaded eagle symbols were used by the komnenoi emperors of the small byzantine empire of trebizond 12041461. It dates back to the thirteenth century when trabzon was the capital of the empire of trebizond. Trebizond introduces the extraordinary monuments of the now largely forgotten empire of trebizond. Before this the province was called cappadocia on the pontus.
The first world war brought death and sufferings to millions christian subjects of the ottoman empire in 1915, facing russian invasion of eastern anatolia, the turkish government performed ethnic cleansing of hundreds thousands armenians, assyrians and greeks. Abstract a byzantinist specializing in the history of the empire of trebizond 12041461, the author presents four books of different genres written in english and devoted to the medieval state on the south coast of the black sea. Other readers will always be interested in your opinion of the books youve read. What are some good, accessible books on the history of. The rise and fall of the empire of trebizond page 4. Whether youve loved the book or not, if you give your honest and detailed thoughts then people will find new books that are right for them. Accompanied by generations of students, he led expeditions exploring the byzantine and ottoman buildings and culture of northeastern turkey, the pontos and the pontic alps behind trebizond. The name was applied to the coastal region and its mountainous hinterland rising to the pontic alps in the east by the greeks who colonized the area in the archaic period and derived from the. Images of trebizond and the pontos in contemporary literature in english with a gothic conclusion abstract a byzantinist specializing in the history of the empire of trebizond 12041461, the author presents four books of different genres written in english and devoted to the medieval state on the south coast of the black sea.
An introduction to the coinage of the empire of trebizond 9781907427596. Empayar trebizond wikipedia bahasa melayu, ensiklopedia bebas. In 1936, university of londons courtauld institute of art published a book titled byzantine painting at trebizond. Pdf the topic of this paper is the visual propaganda employed in the empire of trebizond to convey a sense of the greatness and power of the imperial. Bryer the empire of trebizond and the pontos london 1980. Images of trebizond and the pontos in contemporary literature. The empire of trebizond was the longest surviving of the byzantine successor states. During the early modern period, trabzon, because of the importance of its port, again became a focal point of trade to persia and the caucasus. Queen tamar of georgia provided troups to her nephew alexios i, who conquered the pontic greek city of trebizond, sinope and paphlagonia. Cs117 empire of trebizond and the pontos collected studies.
Anthony bryer author of the empire of trebizond and the. Pdf empire of trebizond and the pontos collected studies. Ayasofya is a museum, formerly greek orthodox church which was converted into a mosque in 1584, and located in trabzon, in the northeastern part of turkey. A byzantinist specializing in the history of the empire of trebizond 12041461, the author presents four books of different genres written in english and devoted to the medieval state on the south coast of the black sea. The empire is restored, but much is left to be done. Nov 01, 2016 abstract a byzantinist specializing in the history of the empire of trebizond 12041461, the author presents four books of different genres written in english and devoted to the medieval state on the south coast of the black sea. The empire of trebizond comprises the area surrounding the modern day city of trabzon on the south eastern black sea coast in turkey. The empire of trebizond and the pontos by anthony bryer. It provides a unique case study of a byzantine successor state that remained virtually independent through its existence. The pontos and its empire of trebizond 12041461 embraced the distinctive black sea coastlands, mountains, and pastures of northeastern anatolia. The empire of trebizond was the last greekruled territory to fall to the ottoman turks in 1461. Download trebizond the last greek empire of the byzantine era 1204 1461 or read online books in pdf, epub, tuebl, and mobi format. Empire of trebizond is the connection of the byzantine comneni with the royal georgian house of the bagratids bagrationi. Talbot trebizond, empire of the oxford dictionary of byzantium,vol.
Click download or read online button to get trebizond the last greek empire of the byzantine era 1204 1461 book now. Pdf a byzantinist specializing in the history of the empire of trebizond 1204 1461, the author presents four books of different genres written. It is located near the seashore and two miles west. The genocide of the the asia minor and pontos hellenic. A few days earlier, the turkish governor mehmet djemal azmi officially handed the city over to bishop chrysanthos, with the following words.
Main empire of trebizond and the pontos collected studies. Trebizond of pontus the last hellenic empire the incredible story of the hellenes of trebizond and their connection to xenephon, the silk road and a near creation of a modern greek republic on. Matsouka map crypto christians trabzon trebizond greek pontos map 2 click to enlarge. Pdf the imperial visual propaganda in the empire of. Vasiliev the fondation of the empire of trebizond 12041222 speculum,11,1936. Trebizond the last greek empire hellenic travels to the past. The first significant published genealogy of the emperors of trebizond was that. Trebizond already had a long history of autonomous rule before it became the center of a small empire in the late middle ages. This is a list of the trapezuntine emperors from the foundation of the empire of trebizond in 1204 to its fall to the ottoman empire in 1461. Trabzon, located on the historical silk road, became a melting pot of religions, languages and culture for centuries and a trade gateway to persia in the southeast and the. After the fall of trebizond, pontian greeks suffered largescale massacres. Theres also anthony bryers the empire of trebizond and the pontos which you might be able to read here. Trebizond the last greek empire of the byzantine era 1204. Reprints of articles previously published in journals and books.
Trebizond of pontus the last hellenic empire neos kosmos. Pdf images of trebizond and the pontos in contemporary. View the empire of trebizond research papers on academia. Trapezus, one of the three byzantine greek states that claimed direct succession to the byzantine empire, which had been usurped by the latin empire in the aftermath of the fourth. Romanization in the time of augustus yale university press external links. Dabrowska wonders whether it is adequate to the trebizondian past or. The latin crusaders established the latin empire in constantinople, while the byzantine greeks maintained control over the empire of nicaea, empire of trebizond and the despotate of epirus although trebizond was rebuilt after being pillaged by the goths in 258, the city did not soon recover. At its death it was the last independent greek state. The empire of trebizond has been far less researched than the byzantine empire, let alone the roman empire, yet it was the last real.
Empayar trebizond wikipedia bahasa melayu, ensiklopedia. At the same time the sultans army attacked wallachia and got a bitter lesson from its ruler vlad dracula. Historical framework the empire of trebizond comprises the area surrounding the modern day city of trabzon on the south eastern black sea coast in turkey. Images of trebizond and the pontos in contemporary. If youre interested in the others, you might want to look at. So this study is also a contribution of material sources and commentary to a wider examination of the total history of the pontos as a region, which a. Anthony bryer author of the empire of trebizond and the pontos. The history of the symbols of the single and doubleheaded.
Jakob philipp fallmerayer, geschichte des kaiserthums trapezunt munich, 18271848 george finlay the history of greece, from its conquest by the crusaders to its conquest by the turks, and of the empire of trebizond. May 19, 2010 from the russian empire, which was engaged into operations against turkey as a german ally. Map of matsouka, south of trabzon zerzilidis 1959, p. The empire of trebizond and the pontos ebook, 1980. Written by french art historian gabriel millet and david talbot rice, a lecturer in medieval art, the book was the first product of the institutes association with trebizond, the largely forgotten empire whose capital was in the city of trabzon. Pontos, the land below the black sea that was colonized by ancient greeks, had a rich ancient and christian history, now suddenly in. Variorum reprints, 1980 black sea region 350 pages.
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